Timeline of Doctrine. Rome and its Successors. Methods. Modern World: Salvation, or Marketing and Turf. Religion's Changing Empire(s)

Doctrinal Timeline.
Doctrinal Christianity.
Italy as the hub of Western religious tradition;
Rome and its successors, dogma to support human desires, is that so?
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From ruins and museums, to a changing present.
A land steeped in its religion.
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Explore the evolution of moral certainty. How much was for salvation; and how much for marketing, turf.

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Cardinal Wolsey; today, churches have differing flocks

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Christianizing the Western World. Was it easy, because it was morally right, as Oracle maintains, see http://library.thinkquest.org/C003446/a.php?b=9; or was it bloody, hardly the peace and love one might expect.  See a timeline of Christianity, at http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/christia.html
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This began as a casual look at religion in Italy's culture, because since the time of Constantine,  Rome was central in its buildings and evolution of ideas.  The empire kept going.
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Timeline, Evolution of Religion of Jesus, the Hebrew
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BCE.  Old Testament: Abortion is not a culpable killing, Thou shalt not murder refers only to breathing, born people, see Old Testament Reference to Abortion: Not as Murder
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FIRST CENTURY
Year 0.............. Birth of Iesu, Yeshua, Jesus, Palestine. Parentage beliefs.
Jesus' birth ascribed to December 25, year 0, overtones of that date with "nativity of the sun, birth of a Tammuz", pagan, see http://jesuschristians.com/forum/3-christianity-in-general/31843-baal-worship-alive-and-kickin. See tens of tens of Baal-related dates and concepts incorporated into Christianity at that site. Any site like this has an ax to grind, but enjoy anyway.
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30 AD Crucifixion, See http://www.blueletterbible.org/study/paul/timeline.cfm
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Year? 30-32..... Healing, Theology, Actions, Words. Crucifixion beliefs, other, re Iesu.  We will use Yeshua, Jesus, Iesu, etc. interchangeably.
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Years 33-100
.....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity#Early_Christian_beliefs_and_creeds
Authority rested with the Apostles. Saul-Paul was not a witness-apostle, but claimed a vision and came later, without first-hand knowledte, and claimed to be the heir to the beliefs, is that so. James, the brother of Jesus, was supplanted, killed or died.  Which came first:  his being supplanted, or his death? Not sure. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Just
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Peter and Paul remain. Paul dislodges Peter Geographic center: Jerusalem
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34 AD Paul, a Pharisee who was present at Stephen's stoning and who persecuted followers of Jesus, converts (epileptic episode and vision? nonetheless, presented as divine) See http://www.blueletterbible.org/study/paul/timeline.cfm. Roots of the faith in an equally credible "fit" falling on one with extreme organizational, zeal capabilities and a Roman citizen to pave the way, or divine vision - Salvation or marketing?
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36 AD ff - Paul commences missionary work, letters, organization, setting rules to gain converts [affinity for Mithraism, use of its practices] and forge an identity for them, see http://30ce.com/mithras.htm, and travels, takeover of religious movement by Paul, who was not a disciple, not there - see http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/missions.html

• Paul says women have to cover their heads and be quiet, as the Mithraists do. Jesus said no such thing, les jeux sont faits. See http://www.vexen.co.uk/religion/mithraism.html; so why do people do it? Salvation or marketing?

62 AD Killing of James, brother (or cousin?) of Jesus, the "opposition high priest", see http://www.preteristarchive.com/JewishWars/timeline_military.html; see ancient account by Josephus at http://religiousstudies.uncc.edu/people/jtabor/james.html.
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• An account of James is also in noncanonical (left out of the canon) Gospel of Thomas, as Jesus' directive for people to seek James the Righteous. James is represented as having led the people after the Crucifixion, see chronology at http://www.thenazareneway.com/james_the_brother_of_jesus.htm.
• Exclusion from the canon: James' gospel is later excluded from the canon, at these two sites, http://martinlutherstove.blogspot.com/2008/12/transformative-use-of-translation.html#!/2008/12/transformative-use-of-translation.html; and http://martinlutherstove.blogspot.com/#!/2008/12/james-christmas-prequel-infancy-gospel.html See Paul's "teachings" then eased into primacy over anyone else's, including Christ's. Salvation or marketing?

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66 AD   Paul was killed under Nero, http://www.blueletterbible.org/study/paul/timeline.cfm
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67-68 AD. Peter, a disciple and some say originally "prime" for carrying on the beliefs, dies, by the sword (beheading or other?). See issues at http://wiki.answers.com/Q/When_did_the_disciple_Peter_die. Peter as The Rock. Salvation or marketing?

• Primacy of Peter - a challenged concept, from the highly vocal and often intolerant evangelistic community, see http://www.garnertedarmstrong.org/pubs/PeterPrimacy.htm (too many exclamation points, but arguments are documented); to Biblical believer Robert Thiel at http://www.cogwriter.com/peter.htm, The topic weighing any apostolic succession is too large for debate here, but awareness of issues helps. An overlay of the atheist frame of mind has been with us for millennia, see How Atheists View Religion, at http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/treder20090914/.

Early Christian Writings: Silent as to abortion, see http://martinlutherstove.blogspot.com/#!/2009/05/early-christian-writings-on-abortion.html
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SECOND CENTURY
Years 100-199.. ....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century
The many students of Apostles and their schools of thought continue writing, recording accounts of Gospels, and other writings. Geographic center: Decentralized Leaders (many) later were declared heretic by Rome: see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century#Early_HeresiesMarcion, See Valentinius .St. Valentine?  See http://www.cogwriter.com/valentine.htm. Not known then for love hearts.   Montanus. Who was that?  See issues of real or pretended inspiration, and more, still with us, at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.toc.html?term=montanus.  So what did they believe that angered Rome? Differing beliefs, not accepting without question the Orders of the day?
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 The word for heresy originally was neutral, meaning only those who held other beliefs. See http://hellofodderhellobuyer.blogspot.com/?z#!/2012/02/rome-last-in-early-time-filing-cabinet.html
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107 - Ignatius of Antioch first uses term "Christian"
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175-225 AD or so. Late 2d, Early 3d Centuries; Use of pictorial, sculptural images in the worship service. See Bob Thiel's site, Cogwriter, at http://www.cogwriter.com/idols.htm. There was no record of uses of images before that time, carrying religious statuary, or even wearing a cross, says the site (scroll nearly to the Green Trees and Wreaths discussion of other pagan practices).
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Imaging runs counter to the Second Commandment and other scriptural sites against putting the deity into bodily form (it is likely that the sheep will begin to worship the image), and various reform movements have focused on destroying them, but they are very popular, see http://www.the-highway.com/visual-art-in-worship_Johnson.html. Incorporating images: Salvation or marketing?

• If it is so that the only way to Salvation is through the Roman Church, and the Roman Church then pivots to groupthink and says all that it says no matter how retroactive or irrational or destructive, it is inspired and necessary, so be it for those who choose to believe.
• See especially page 307 of The Destruction of the Christian Tradition; see also http://www.worldwisdom.com/public/products/0-941532-98-4_Destruction_of_the_Christian_Tradition.aspx?ID=148.
• Not discussed are those traditions that deserved to be culled, and long earlier as having been instituted for marketing purposes, not related to salvation by words of a founder. Who is to say what is "core" and not to be questioned, when all changes including the church..

THIRD CENTURY
Years 200-299... Whassup?  All this time and no activity? What happened to the stories?
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FOURTH CENTURY
Years 300-399
300 AD - Prayers for the dead go mainstream, even before Rome becomes Christian;  but even for those other religious groups, there is little Biblical justification for the practice, see http://sg.christianpost.com/dbase/editorial/662/10%7C16/2.htm. For whatever Christian group, is the purpose salvation or marketing? Other theologians have rejected it as "human", see site; but it strikes a chord among the bereaved and is wanted, if not theologically sound. Praying for the dead. Salvation or marketing?
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300 ......People made the sign of the cross a practice, which Christian community was first? No idea. See http://www.canapologetics.net/inventions.html
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301....... Armenia area adopts Christianity as "state" religion. What did they believe? Were they first in doing prayers for the dead?
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325........Ethopia adopts. Ditto.
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337........Georgia adopts.
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347-420 or so - Jerome. He translated the Bible into Latin. He left out the core of Eve's role, and was otherwise ideologically promotive, see http://martinlutherstove.blogspot.com/#!/2008/10/edens-mystery-job-description-helper.html
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352 AD Ordination of women stopped, see http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm; see further developments back and forth on the celibacy front at that site.
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375 AD.  Angels rise in importance. Hagiolatry, veneration of Dead Saints.  This began with martyrdoms, and people going to places with relics.  No theological justification. See http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/aria/aria_encyclopedia/00050260?lang=en.  Incorporating angels. Salvation or marketing? 

• Angels had been in Rome's panoply, as well as other pagan religions, see http://www.archangels-and-angels.com/misc/angels_pagans.html.  Angels are magical.  Is this so, that interest in, fear of, invocation of magic is common to many cultures. The move to incorporate them into the Jesus religion was an easy lateral pirhouette. See history of the winged babies at http://hatpinscollection.blogspot.com/2008/07/winged-baby-cherub-or-putto-smaller.html. 
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Pagan Roman angel, Castle Bruck, Museum, Austria

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And the early and present Christian preoccupation with who is what gender, including the deity, emerged early with angels:  see http://martinlutherstove.blogspot.com/#!/2010/01/gender-of-angels-and-what-they-do.html;
see also http://martinlutherstove.blogspot.com/2009/05/early-christian-writings-on-abortion.html#!/2009/05/early-christian-writings-on-abortion.html.  Go to the sources, not the commentary free-floating. Vet.
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Little abortions went to the angels. Intent to abort was not the issue.
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394 AD.  A daily Mass. Ritual, acts.  This issue: are deeds required or is all salvation by grace.  Catholics now say deeds are a part of it, not clear. Authoritarianism:  See Anne Hutchinson in the American colonies in the 1600's, arguing against absolute strict adherence to rules, losing sight of the internal experience, deemed heresy of "antinomianism" (believers freed from moral law) at http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap1/hutchinson.html.  Wy does religion require any daily acts, specific rituals.  Is it salvation or marketing and crowd control for the institution?
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FIFTH CENTURY
431 AD. Council of Ephesus, a hotly contested power struggle on doctrine; as to Mary, with Patriarch Nestorius refusing to use "Mother of God" as to Mary, see New World Encyclopedia at http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Council_of_Ephesus.  Exalting Mary.  Nestorius lost.  Salvation or marketing?

• Mary. Who and what was she?  Mary by other tradition was ordinary, and with an ordinary relationship, with ordinary consequences, see http://bogomilia.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.html#!/2008/02/tiberius-julius-abdes-pantera-father-of.html.  Virgin in pagan cultures meant one curently unmarried: old, young, divorced, whatever. And such virgins frequently had offspring, with little fuss.  See http://plainmeaning.blogspot.com/view/sidebar#!/2010/12/parthenon-athena-cultural-diminution.html.  Yet, this Mary is elevated to the near-Divine, Mother of Grace, see http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_declared_Mary_as_the_Mother_of_Divine_Grace Divine.

SIXTH CENTURY
500 AD.  Priests adopted clothing different from other people, see http://www.canapologetics.net/inventions.html
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526 AD. Last Rites. Extreme Unction. The site says 526. What exactly happened in 526.  We can find no specific reference.  http://www.eaec.org/cults/rc/timeline.htm. Other references we have been able to find. Fast forward to History Guide's 1215, Fourth Lateran Council, for example, far in the future.

• Last rites did not spring from nowhere. The laying on of hands, the ritual to try to heal the sick, anointing the sick, goes back to the disciples and Jesus, see article by Henry Haman at http://www.galaxie.com/article/1704. Belief in its efficacy is in itself a blessing, says http://www.the-pope.com/extruncc.html, article by Rama Coomaraswamy, MD.  But was it needed as an extra "Sacrament" or were existing rites sufficient for the purpose?  There were changes in form and wording that took an originally understandable, straightforward idea into a dogmatic pretzel. The person would die trying to figure out all that was said.  See a global overview of the practices at death, In search of history:  Last Rites, at http://www.amazon.com/Search-History-Last-Rites-VHS/dp/B000006QW0
• The name "extreme unction" was not used until the 12th Century, see http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05716a.htm.  That was for good reason.  It was never a "sacrament" until then, never "required." Doctrine was laid out by edict in 1561, see 14th Session, Council of Trent, in response to the reformers active at the time, see  http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct14.html.  See the 14th Session, Council of Trent at http://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent.html, [and the 1558 declaration of marriage as a sacrament].

593 AD Doctrine of Purgatory - Debated by Orthodox and Roman, see The Orthodox Response to the  Roman Doctrine of Purgatory, at http://orthodoxinfo.com/death/stmark_purg.aspx.  For more on the Orthodox Christian viewpoint, see http://orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/inq_rc.aspx
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SEVENTH CENTURY
600 AD.  People begin praying to Mary. See http://www.scripturessay.com/article.php?cat=&id=663
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EIGHTH CENTURY
786 AD - People start to worship the cross, relics of saints, and objects. The cross as a symbol was far more than an instrument of capital punishment.  It had deep roots as a sexual matter in antiquity, don't go here if that offends you, http://www.sacred-texts.com/sex/asw/asw01.htm.  In Scandinavia, the cross was already a symbol of Odin, who hung on the Tree of Life for nine days.  Converts found it easy to absorb that one.
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. Forshem Kyrke, Kinnekulle, Sweden.  Pagan Norse Tree of the Lives Cross, adapted to Christianity. This came in the 11th Century, however.
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See also trees and wreaths, http://www.cogwriter.com/idols.htm. 
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The cross was never biblically authorized as a symbol, see site. Even the word in the New Testament means "stake" and not cross.  See also parallels at this otherwise too-zealous site, http://seawaves.us/na/Inquisitions.html. Many date we see as Christian have pagan origins.
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St. Boniface reports that, in Germany, almost no bishops or priests were celibate http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm
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782 AD.  Charlemagne, King of the Franks, had invaded Saxon lands and, after 30 years' warfare, captured and slaughtered 4,000 Saxon prisoners at Sachsenhain, see http://germanyroadways.blogspot.com/#!/2010/12/enger-widukind-saxon-bane-of.html
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NINTH CENTURY
836 AD. "Council of Aix-la-Chapelle admittted that abortions and infanticides took place in convents and monasteries to cover up the activities of uncelibate clerics." http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm. See more on the evolution of celibacy at that site.
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10TH CENTURY
993 AD - Dead saints are canonized. The dead had been venerated, but in 993, the Pope said no saint could become such without his doing. The first was Ulrich of Augsburg. See http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/practices/honoring_saints/canonization.htm
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Ulrich preached that the only way to address the ills of celibacy was to let priests marry. See http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm
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ELEVENTH CENTURY
1045 AD - Pope Benedict resigns rather than have to be celibate, see http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm
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1054  The Great Schism.  This defined the now separated Church, to everyone's detriment?
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In 1054 AD, the Roman Church split off from the Orthodox Christians to the East, see Orthodox view, conciliatory, at http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/greatschism.aspx.  Rome thus needed its own identity, converts, dogma, money, turf. In came the Crusades and rituals that lightened people's pocketbooks, and nurtured the Reformation,  is that so?  Watch the issues come like waves -- to be addressed in an authoritarian and usually ineffective way, except for torture.

The First Crusade, however, appears to have been more a matter of turf, and the European Christians coming to the aid of the Orthodox; but then refusing to relinquish properties taken. See, for example, The First Crusade by Thomas Ashbridge, http://www.amazon.com/First-Crusade-New-History/dp/0195178238
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1079 AD Celibacy.  Now priests (already all male) have to be celibate. This was a gradual and pathetic, fear-filled area, flawed-Paul-propelled, nobody else caring, see the progression http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm
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1090 - Rosary instituted. But this site says it was 1214, see http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_did_the_rosary_start.  This one puts the practice back by centuries. See http://olrl.org/sacramental/rosary.shtml
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1095 AD- Pope had priests' wives sold as slaves. Children left on their own. See http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm. Will have to go back for each of these bits to check. Consider this a topic filing cabinet.
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1096 AD - First Crusade, see http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/crusades-timeline.htm; and eight more through 1272. People kept outraged and fearful are easy to drive.
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TWELFTH CENTURY
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1123 AD First Lateran Council, Pope Callistus II decrees all clergy marriages invalid http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm
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1136 - Hildegarde of Bingen, example of female theologian-administrator, becomes prioress of an independent monastery at St. Rupert's, free of supervision by St. Disibod, successfully challenges the bishop and his interdict, see overview of powerful medieval women by Reu, Sung Hyun 2009, a fine student's paper, at http://www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/1112/sunghyun/sunghyun1.html
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1140 - Example of monastic growth.  And use of Extreme Unction.  In Denmark, there is a Cistercian Monastery at Esrum, at Hillerod, on Zealand, that fell into disuse with the Reformation, dismantled in 1159 (monks had been sent elsewhere) and is now being refurbished for history and tourism. See Encyclopedia Britannica on Cistercians.
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See http://denmarkroadways.blogspot.com/2011/06/esrum-abbey-esrom-kloster-cistercian.html#!/2011/06/esrum-abbey-esrom-kloster-cistercian.html.  It began as Benedictine in 1140, became Cistercian in 1151.   A longer article on the course of the Scandinavian Cistercians and others is at Cistercians in Denmark 1982, http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/inr.1992.43.2.182

• Monastic Orders and Extreme Unction. The information given at Esrum, at the monastery, states that the Church, once it could require Extreme Unction, did so religiously. And, as the priest was the only person present who could administer the rite, and the priest the only one probably who could read or write, magically farms and goods were deeded / bequeathed to the Church. 
• Extreme unction: This compelled or strong-armed giving to Rome also undergirded the Reformation's complaints, and not for theological reasons necessarily.  Some just preferred their own property, and not having to buy off their souls.  See also indulgences (scroll down) http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/lecture3c.html#letter. ; and http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/mainz_letter.html. Extreme Unction:  Salvation, or marketing?  

1144 - Second Crusade, see http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/crusades-timeline.htm
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1147 -  Northern Crusades.  Pope (which?) authorizes Northern Crusades, against other Christians (Orthodox) and pagans in Baltic States, Europe's north, see http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/thenortherncrusades.html

Prussia (see Teutonic Knights, , Lithuania, Estonia, Livonia, Novgorod, the Wends, see Wends
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1184 - Inquisition of Heretics, Council of Verona http://solochristo.com/theology/Church/cc/cciv.htm
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1187 - Third Crusade, see http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/crusades-timeline.htm
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1190 AD - Indulgences sold, abused.  A new idea, not part of early Christianity, see http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/cot/t2w08indulgences.htm
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THIRTEENTH CENTURY
1202 - Fourth Crusade, see http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/crusades-timeline.htm
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1208 -1248 or so - Albigensian Crusade, against Cathars  and other gnostic dualists in Languedoc, Southern France, see http://www.cathar.info/1206_crusade.htm; and Interrogation Age, review of book, God's Jury, The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World, by Cullen Murphy, review by Samuel Freedman at
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/books/review/gods-jury-the-inquisition-and-the-making-of-the-modern-world-by-cullen-murphy-book-review.html?scp=1&sq=interrogation%20age%20cullen%20murphy&st=cse
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1215 - Doctrines of

• Transubstantiation, Innocent III.  Host becomes the body of Christ. See development of idea at http://www.tldm.org/news6/transubstantiation.htm. 
• Also auricular confession:  confess into the ear of the priest, and this has vocal opponents, in the practice fostering bad behavior, see one at http://www.cuttingedge.org/articles/rc123.htm. 
• Move to 1220, adoration of the host, with its opposition (elements of sun, pagan, idol worship issue again) at http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/monstr.htm,

1217 - Fifth Crusade, see http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/crusades-timeline.htm

1228 - Sixth Crusade, see http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/crusades-timeline.htm

1231 - Medieval Inquisition, Pope Gregory IX against heretics. http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/trial96/loftis/overview.html.  Inquisitions were not always welcomed; even Popes had limited powers if the locals disagreed: local Princes, Kings, civil authority.  Next Inquisition is in 1478.
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1248 - Seventh Crusade, see http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/crusades-timeline.htm; and end of Albigensian Crusades
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1270 - Eighth Crusade, see http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/crusades-timeline.htm

1271 - Ninth Crusade, see http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/crusades-timeline.htm
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1272 - Crusades finally end.
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FOURTEENTH CENTURY -

14th-18th Centuries:  Witch burnings in many countries, many through civil courts enforcing religious cultural traditions, anti-"pagan" groups as well, many through church inquisition, some 50-100,000 in researched calculations at http://www.religioustolerance.org/wic_burn.htm;  most in time frame 1550-1650; millions more stated in other books, sources, see video (with anticipated overtones) at The Burning Times, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqRir6a3VHk; and longer film at http://www.nfb.ca/film/burning_times.  Then more on falsehoods claimed, see http://www.twpt.com/burning.htm; and back, at http://theburningtimes.net/.
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FIFTEENTH CENTURY
14th Century - women still being ordained, hearing confessions;   http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm
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1414 - People can no longer drink the wine, see Council of Constance http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum16.htm.  Also covered:  infallibility -  obey or else. Portion from the Encyclical on obeying all past and future mandates --

"Next, it declares that anyone of whatever condition, state or dignity, even papal, who contumaciously refuses to obey the past or future mandates, statutes, ordinances or precepts of this sacred council or of any other legitimately assembled general council, regarding the aforesaid things or matters pertaining to them, shall be subjected to well-deserved penance, unless he repents, and shall be duly punished, even by having recourse, if necessary, to other supports of the law."

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1439 - Purgatory becomes dogma. See discussion at http://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/orthodox/pugatory_orthodox_church_catholic_church.htm
The doctrine of the Seven Sacraments confirmed 
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• Take time to go back to the extent of medievel concentration on issues of dogma, an area that if it is not in a sound bite, we may pass over (such as this endless tome), see the sacraments addresed, among other issues by The Lombard at http://www.iep.utm.edu/lombard/ .  Can it be said that the Church does not change?  Not so far, see http://solochristo.com/theology/Church/cc/cciv.htm.  That site includes more events for this chronology, may go back and add to it.
• Then again, solochristo site is not exactly neutral -- see http://solochristo.com/_SC/SoloChristo.htm.  So keep the bias in mind.  I am more interested in a chronology than people's persuasion efforts.

1478 - Spanish Inquisition, begun by Ferdinand and Isabella, see http://remember.org/History.root.classical.html, was finally authorized by Sixtus IV, see http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/trial96/loftis/overview.html.  See intervening events, reformation events, regulatory measures, then the Congregation of the Holy Roman and Universal Inquisition in 1588.
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The Spanish Inquisition finally ends 250 years later or so, in 1834, see http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/trial96/breu/timeline.html
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1486 - Malleus Maleficarum, Hammer of Witches, is published as handbook for the Inquisition in Germany, http://www.malleusmaleficarum.org/.  See the index at http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/
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SIXTEENTH CENTURY
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1517 - Martin Luther nails his Theses, see http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/lecture3c.html
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1534 - Henry VIII of England rejected Catholicism, instituted Church of England with himself as the head; proceeded to execute the opposition as heretics and traitors.  Plus ca change? 
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1542 - Roman Inquisition and The Holy Office (more on theology), Paul III, see http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/trial96/loftis/overview.html
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1545 - celibacy and virginity are superior to marriage http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm
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1545 -- Authority, Biblical is declared equal with Tradition. Council of Trent – 1545 AD
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See http://www.eaec.org/cults/rc/timeline.htm -- This is getting far too long vetting each one. Please read about denial of doctrines of the Reformation, from Sola Scriptura to "salvation by grace through faith alone". See details on what is cast out, cursed, practices of the reformers. Curse, curse. Of curse. The prohibitions include that scriptures are only for the priests.

• Please vet the shepherd and visit Greek at http://www.scripture4all.org/OnlineInterlinear/Greek_Index.htm; and Hebrew at http://www.scripture4all.org/OnlineInterlinear/Hebrew_Index.htm; parallel translations, Hebrew Old Testament at http://www.hebrewoldtestament.com/; and Greek at http://www.greeknewtestament.com/; and Strong's Lexicon at places like http://www.blueletterbible.org/search.cfm

1548 -- More books added to the Bible, Apocryphal
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1553-1558  - Mary, Queen of Scots, daughter of Henry VIII of England, becomes Queen of England and reinstitutes Catholicism in England, and burned Protestants at the stake
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1558-1603 - Elizabeth I, also daughter of Henry VIII, re-reinstitutes Protestantism in England, executes the opposition including sister Mary, http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html

1585-1590 - Pope Sixtus V bans abortion. This late?? We should not be surprised because Sixtus was an authoritarian Inquisitor who would be looking for more things to inquisit. See http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/trial96/loftis/overview.html
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Abortion had been fine (leave the lady alone with it, not "fine") for 1500 years, for 40 days after conception for a male (how to know?) and for 80 days for a female. Pope Sixtus changed that and banned all abortions. See overview of Catholic positions in history at http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_hist_c.htm.
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However, Sixtus the Inquisitor was reversed when he died, by Gregory XIV who declared abortion only illegal if the foetus, either gender, had quickened, at about (say) 16 weeksot See http://diaryofamadinvalid.blogspot.com/2011/06/hidden-secrets-of-roman-catholic-church.html

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1588 - Congregation of the Holy Roman and Universal Inquisition, see http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/trial96/breu/timeline.html;
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SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
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1600 -- Inquisition Trial of Giordano Bruno, http://galileo.rice.edu/chr/bruno.html; see http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/trial96/breu/timeline.html
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1603 - Mary's son, James, becomes King of England, Protestant, but moves Church of England closer to Catholicism, sought a version of the Bible fostering obedience to authority, the King James, see http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/God-Government-and-Roger-Williams-Big-Idea.html. Puritans furious. See site, subsequent events in the Protestant world, including the colonies US.
1633 - Galileo Trial, see http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/trial96/breu/timeline.html

17th Century - Inquisition, Galileo and Newton http://www.futurechurch.org/fpm/history.htm
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EIGHTEENTH CENTURY - LOOKING

 NINETEENTH CENTURY
1854 - Immaculate Conception. This late???http://solochristo.com/theology/Church/cc/cciv.htm [more partisan perhaps than other sites, but read for the chronology]
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1864 - Pius X declares all scientific discoveries not approved by the Roman Church.  What??
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1870 - Infallibility of the Pope, in moral matters, and faith, First Vatican Council.  Once that is said, how to undo it? Maybe the sheep just have to wander off.
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Infallibility? Croatia. Seeking the real story.

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1869 - Abortion position of Gregory XIV was changed by Pius IX, to revert to the Sixtus V. See FN 1 at Golden Mean, Finding Agreement.  There are provisions that can meet a variety of positions, a "Dragon" clause. see http://martinlutherstove.blogspot.com/#!/2009/12/golden-mean-fleece-dragon-and-law-of.html
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1870 - Vatican Council I.  Pope is infallible in faith and morals; no salvation outside the Catholic Church good heavens chutzpah
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TWENTIETH CENTURY
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1908 - The Inquisition becomes the Holy Office
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1930 - Pope Pius XI cites "Thou shalt not kill" as reason for an abortion ban.  But he had not vetted the Biblical concept of kill, which does not put abortion as a culpable killing.  Or reconcile his view with Clement I, that only God is authorized to punish an intentional abortive act, see http://martinlutherstove.blogspot.com/2009/05/clement-i-and-apocalypse-of-peter.html#!/2009/05/clement-i-and-apocalypse-of-peter.html
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1950 - Assumption of Mary.  Bodily ascension. Modeled after all these years on the Assumption of Semiramis, http://jesuschristians.com/forum/3-christianity-in-general/31843-baal-worship-alive-and-kickin
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1965 - Vatican Council II. Is this when Paul VI reorganizes the Holy Office (formerly "Inquisition") and renames it euphemisticallly, Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, see http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/trial96/breu/timeline.html

Vatican II made no new doctrines, changed or repudiated no old ones.  Trent and Vatican I stand. Including the Anathemas. Catholic tradition on equal par with Scripture; Mary as the Queen of Heaven, now a co-Redemptrix with Christ;confesisons,  pilgrimages,, purgatory; prayers to and for dead, etc.
...........................................

Filing cabinet:

Rome's Empire kept going. It moved from military to knocking at the mind's door throughout has been issues of Inquisition, Crusades even against other Christians, one group's certainty forced on others. See Cullen Murphy, NYT Opinion: The Certainty of Doubt
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Chronology of This Empire;
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Rome was Military in focus in ancient times, then the Religious Empire mushroomed after the military demise, with much organization talent now back home again, and looking for application. What to do with vets, and all the military after wars end?

• Ask, from the context: Are the developments in the religious empire that arose from the tradition of the military, for Salvation, or Marketing? Useful overview of the growth of Christianity -- at Everyman's Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Orient there. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity. Find also its related topics such as evolution of creeds.
• Women were active in religious military orders, as well as autonomous in their own religious right, in the 12-13th Centuries, see http://italyroadways.blogspot.com/#!/2009/12/bologna-loderigo-dandalo-and-order-of.html

For the believer: How to discern inspiration in evolving dogma that suppresses other people and ideas, from self-seeking by an individual or a group. Or does the Believer just accept what the designated shepherd says, without vetting, and go home.
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Trinity or flower? Pluck: Salvation? Marketing? Salvation? Marketing?

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Continue to refer for outline of side topics, such as chronology of beliefs, to Wikipedia: This is one arrea that seems to be the only non-sectarian reasonably comprehensive site I find.
Instead of a small essay on the topic, the research formed itself into a timeline of the evolution of the church, seeing how issues of today have been with us for millennia; and merely declaring them "core" and "decided" is not deciding anything today, any more than it did before. Was there ever a balance between the Church's "comfort of certainty against the corrective of doubt," see Opinion piece above. That has been touted, but not done. Doubt has always been targeted, forcibly eliminated from dogma's agenda-march, is that so?
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The topic of a nation's religious heritage is appropriate to a travel site because of the pervasiveness of religious-secular issues in the culture. Even Italy intends to subject the religious instutition to secular laws: a tax on religious institution properties that engage in commercial enterprise. See http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/17/world/europe/italy-sets-tax-on-church-property.html?scp=1&sq=italy%20tax%20religious%20property&st=cse
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• The idea of secularity taking over religion in many areas has gone mainstream. New York Times piece, Go East Young Knight, by Frank Frankopan, also finds that "territory, not faith, set off the First Crusade." See "Go East, Young Knight," NYT Peter Fankopan 2/19.2102 And the other crusades as well? Turf and forced sales, not salvation? Earliest missionaries may have been salvation dedicated; did that carry through to the institution.

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Explore belief systems, and how they evolved, see also the protestant-evangelical offshoots, at http://sassafrastree.blogspot.com/#!/2012/02/vetting-religion-if-candidate-believes.html. In the United States, with religious positions of candidates affecting political positions, I have moved discussion of the issues, apart from the chronology here, to another site. This remains a travel focus. See FodderSight: Rome, Last in Early Time, Filing Cabinet.
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Accordingly, questions addressed about religious-secular divides are in the Filing Cabinet now at FodderSight, Political and Cultural Commentary.
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 Was there a point where the idea of "salvation" and the religion for the sake of the believers, evolved into marketing for an institution, one that could and did benefit from an earlier military empire of the same name. The events and chronology suggested that was so.  Visit Italy.  See all the iconography, ruins. And find yourself thinking.

Venice and Its Empire. Heritage Endangered, Rising Waters

Venice:  Heritage Endangered

Venice looks and feels different because its heritage is different.   Until the 9th Century, it was part of the Byzantine Empire.  In 909-1171 or so, Europe was recovering from the invasions that destroyed the Roman Empire, and trade was on the rise.  Venice was in an optimal location, and developed its own sense of value:  money.  The rest of Europe focused on land as indicative of riches.  Not so Venice.  Gold, money, convoys of ships known as "mude" brought back goods from the East, and in 1204, it was Venice that led the Crusade against fellow-Christian Constantinople.  Meanwhile, turning salt, grain and cloth into gold was its ongoing alchemy, see Saudi Aramco World magazine July-August 2005, http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200504/monsoons.i.mude.i.and.gold.htm
Maritime Venice even sought to break the Muslim monopoly in the Indian Ocean, rather than remain satisfied with goods arriving at Alexandria. Its shipbuilding assembly line, the arsenal, was impressive.
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With neither king nor lands, Venice ran on gold: to them, it ushered in fear and respect.  This was a travesty to the Muslims, who saw gold as a tool, but only the deity commanded fear and respect, see article.
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The heritage is in danger.  The Adriatic Lagoon is expected to rise by 20 feet by the end of the century.  That gives time to visit, and there are flood defenses in progress:  The Experimental Electromechanical Module, or Mose project, is a conglomeration of huge steel barriers designed to rise out of the sea bed as needed to preserve the city from the sea. See Mose Project Aims to Part Venice Floods, at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17855145. It should be operating by 2014.  Meanwhile, says the Financial Times, invest wisely.  Purchase your vacation pied au mer above sea level. See High Tides, Receding Prices.

The empire of Venice has qualities unique from the rest of EuropeTo visit Croatia, for example, is to find Venice, and Rome.  The view of Venice is not flattering:  see Senj, the City; and the Uskoks, who defended against the Ottomans on behalf of the Venetians, who then reneged on obligations to pay the Uskoks, see http://croatiaroadways.blogspot.com/#!/2006/06/senj-and-uskoks-unknown-people.html.  Venetian culture was not common good as to any population but its own, not other-directed, but an unbridled Renaissance capitalism that looked out for its own. Profits, sought and opportunities enforced with vengeance.

Now read City of Fortune, How Venice Ruled the Sea, by Robert Crowley, review at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/books/review/city-of-fortune-how-venice-ruled-the-seas-by-roger-crowley-book-review.html?scp=1&sq=book%20review%20City%20of%20Fortune&st=cse. He sees the focus of the Venetians as establishing a monopoly at any cost, over their sea trade routes.

Of particular interest is Venice's response when the Papacy did not deliver 33,000 crusaders as contracted, for ferrying to the Holy Land. Only 12,000 showed up, so Venice took them not to the Holy Land, but dumped them at Constantinople where the pillaging began. "Fair weather Christians," says the reviewer, Nigel Cliff, as they commandeered Byzantine sea ports.  I have the book on a wait list from the library, just the review read so far, but I hope Mr. Cliff and Mr. Crowley remember the Uskoks. Veer to them at http://www.balkanhistory.com/uskoks_of_senj.htm.  No accounts of any peoples are unambiguous, and untainted by the interests of the teller, and this one slides over the betrayal theme that the castle at Senj focuses upon.  But that was Venice.  The only aim was commercial, not moral.

Pompeii - Brothel

Pompeii, Brothel. Direction.


This shows the direction to follow.

New finds: according to the magazine, Archeology Odyssey, March/April 2005, article " 'Daphne is Mine' " --  New Inscriptions from Pompeii's Lupanar, by research journalist, Judith Harris, the brothel at Pompeii is the only brothel from antiquity to be definitely identified.  There are some 136 graffiti, the work of the workers and the clients: some 53 gents and 29 ladies. "Fudita sum hic," declares one.  Look it up. I did what here?
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 The article notes that the prostitutes served both men and women. Equal opportunity pleasures. One, Mula, was a lady who was a "fututrice" -- acting the male role with women. This is not an unusual reference.  See article.
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Pompeii, cobble street, Italy

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Antonio Varone, then an archeologist with the "Superindendency" of Pompeii is cited for other references from antiquity to female-female activities. He notes a 1st century AD poem by Martial *; and that people could rent rooms like a motel at the Lupanar. What is the name?  From a she-wolf in heat, says the article, thus the lupus lupa. Other buildings in the area also fostered brothel activities.

Another issue, September-October 2002, describes three days of hot ash and cinders falling on the 2,000 Pompeiians who did not escape.  Death came by 200 mph winds, a "surge of super-heated gas." They were buried under 20 feet of debris.  With exposure, and insufficient funds for conservation, the site is at risk.


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* Martial.  First century AD poet, 40-104 AD, Celtic background from Bilbilis, Spain, moved to Rome and cultivated patronage there, including from emperors and others he flattered.  He was a master of the pun, the pithy saying, often ribald.  See Archeology Odyssey, "In the Here and Noww: The First Century AD poet Martiadfl wryly -- and tirelessly -- observes life in ancient Rome," September-October 2002 at p.42.  The following samples are not related to Pompeii, but to practices. See more on practices pornographic at the Naples Archeological Museum, including art and etc. from Pompeii. Archeology Odyssey has illustrations, September-October 2000 issue at p.18 ff. "Ancient Smut". Many were excavated beginning 250 years ago, but considered too racy for showing or publication.
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 Epigrams 1.90: http://www.archive.org/stream/martialepigrams01martiala/martialepigrams01martiala_djvu.txt
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XC

QUOD numquam maribus iunctam te, Bassa, videbam
quodque tibi moechum fabula nulla dabat,

omne sed officium circa te semper obibat
turba tui sexus, non adeunte viro,

esse videbaris, fateor, Lucretia nobis : 5

at tu, pro facinus, Bassa, fututor eras.

84

Translated at the same site (fair use of huge work)
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IN that I never saw you, Bassa, intimate with men,
and that no scandal assigned you a lover, but every
office a throng of your own sex round you performed
without the approach of man you seemed to me, I
confess, a Lucretia ; yet, Bassa oh, monstrous !

 "Monstrous" is not the translation elsewhere of "fututor eras" - do a search.  For Bassa, do a "find" at the Epigrams site.

Venice. Venice and the Crusades

Venice Deflects a Crusade
And Makes Money

It pays to go your own way.  At the time of the Crusades, Italy was not the one-nation of today. Instead, it was comprised of separate and rival city-states.  That meant, among other things, that when a Pope in Rome declared a Crusade, the rest of Italy may or may not go along.  That was the case here, where the calling for Crusades, on the supposedly religious principle of access for Christians to the Holy Land, brought in so many, but not Venice.  Was that quest in the Holy Land, questionable as it may be as to motivation, in light of other motivations at the time (new power and profits to the newly separate Roman sect), worth sacrificing profits?  Venice said no.

From the 9th Century to 1797, the Republic of Venice ran its own show and to great profit.  See Republic of Venice, Arts, Other at http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=07&region=eust

Venice

This interest of both sides in the power aspects of the Crusades suggests that rivalries among power areas was not entirely spiritual, including as to the Vatican.

There is a clear and concise summary of the Crusades, era est 1090-1290 AD, at http://history-world.org/crusades.htm.  There were many crusades that the Pope ordered: against Muslims in the Middle East; and against any peoples who were not Latin-Church Roman Branch Christians, or where indeed "Christian" but opposed Papal supremacy. Once the Roman branch split with the Eastern Orthodox, who did not recognize the Pope as supreme, the game was on.  The identity crisis began.

Crusades.  The motivations for crusades were not just spiritual.  There were nine crusades in the Middle East, see http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/crusades-timeline.htm, without reference to the Northern Crusades that were launched against Europeans of the north, and Slavic people already converted by Orthodox missionaries.  

The Doge or ruler of Venice agreed, as a commercial matter, to transport Flemish and French soldiers to "Outremer", the general term for the Holy Land, "over the sea" in about 1199.  

But when they got there, the soldiers did not have the money to pay.  No pay, no travel.  Venice asked that the soldiers substitute an attack on a rival of Venice, at Zara (now Zadar, Croatia) and then part of Hungary's influence.  Zadar still is a sophisticated city.  It is not difficult to imagine it as a rival to Venice for commerce.  See it on Easter Morning with Cathedral renovations going on, at http://croatiaroadways.blogspot.com/2006/12/zadar-on-easter-morning.html

The Siege of Zara is well presented at Wikipedia, so there we go:  1202 AD --  Siege of Zara.  This was Christian against Christian. Urbanity and sophistication against urbanity and sophistication.

Zagreb, Croatia. Easter morning, Cathedral.  Renovations.

And so they did. In 1202, the Venetians prevailed.

• But Innocent was not pleased at the diversion into Croatia, taking perhaps valuable time and momentum from his objective. He excommunicated the erstwhile Crusaders who had yet to fight the Muslims.

So, was Venice behind the Sack of Constantinople?

The Venetians, pleased with their success in steering the Crusaders to serve Venetian interests, persuaded them to attack Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Orthodox Christian world.  Roman Christianity split with the rest of the Christians in The Great Schism of 1054, and was bolstering its identity as an independent and the authoritative branch of Christianity).  The attack and sacking took three days, and Venice ended up with a nice monopoly on Byzantine trade.

Enter the Latin Empire of Constantinople, lasting untiil 1261 when the Byzantines recaptured their city.

The split between East and West Christianity was, perhaps, irrevocably broken. Did the old enmity extend into Rome's looking the other way in WWII when Orthodox were subject to genocide.

And so they did.

But why didn't the Crusaders then compel the Venetians to complete the bargain and transport them to the Holy Land?  Or had they lost interest.  Need more information.

Apparently, so far it appears that the participants were satisfied to skip it.  Don't challenge the Muslims after all, but instead set up commercial ventures:  various Crusader states along the way.  See the history-world site.

Venice.  The manipulator.  Is that so?  And does economic manipulation win?  Usually.

The Uskoks, an ethnic group in Croatia, also found that Venice valued only its commercial interests when it came to fair dealing, see http://bogomilia.blogspot.com/2006/07/uskoks-at-senj-croatia.html

Bologna . Loderigo d'Andalo. The Order of Glorious Saint Mary. Where, what, why, when, who.

Bologna and "Infallibility" 
Women and Warfare
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Pope Sixtus V suspended what Pope Alexander IV approved:
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Military Orders for Women.
Then emerged:  institutional fear of autonomy, for women Religious.
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The Fallibility of Infallibility as a Doctrine
What "self-interest" occurred,
to warrant the policy's disbanding so suddenly.
Was it the program's success?
Whose self-interest was threatened by the independence of the Orders of militant women religious.
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Meet the Renaissance Guerriera
..

Bologna is known for more than its University and excellent cold cuts and meat sauce. Its religious history is highlighted by those who expand and include; followed by those who are threatened by those ideas.  Watch the institutional roll away from the personhood of women, to their subservience as dogma evolves. There was a period, around the 12th-13th Centuries, where they excelled in theology and warfare, both.  Women had founded monasteries, for example, and were encouraged to do so.
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Loderigo (Ludovico?) d'Andalo, of Bologna (a nobleman) was an enlightened man who so encouraged. Spellings vary: Is this Ludovico d'Angalo?  It is also spelled Lodoringo Andalo, see http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Order+of+the+Glorious+Saint+Mary/ and that refers back to Wikipedia, a good source for overviews, but vet.
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We are working on finding primary sources here, and lay out in the nature of a filing cabinet what we have found. We hope to organize later. What is in venerable old libraries, records not online. We are looking up several phonetics to get to original sources. Centuries change sounds and representations.
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Ludovico d'Andalo

Ludovico d'Andalo established the military order of women known as the Order of the Glorious Saint Mary, or the Knights of Saint Mary, in 1233 AD.
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The Pope of the Day approved: Pope Alexander IV in 1261. This was an era, the 13th Century, of female full participation in ecclesiastical  and other cultural aspects of living, see http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/spiritus/v001/1.1hollywood.html; and The Contours of Female Piety in Late Medieval Hagiography, at a journal article by Michael Goodich at http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LhQf5gpWJvkSFlkhTms42hZpp00fVhW7y5xRGv7jMNWqyQt9pMSk!-1196327867!1517079229?docId=96511290/
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The context of female full participation is broad: There was already an independent female piety back then, apart from male control. What happened to it. By the 12th Century,  half the Church's saints were women, women starting their own military and religious orders, women of independent thinking and action.  The female knight. 

• The backdrop of the female knight:  they became too popular, too fabulous, too good at what they did. The chivalric feminine.  Chivalry, Cavalieres.  Women. 

These found their way into other areas, not just Italy.  See the female armor still (undestroyed as "heretical" in role) in Switzerland and elsewhere.
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Thun, Switzerland. Female armor. Not a religious order there, probably.

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Lady Knight Bradamante. 
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Earlier, consider the Legends of Charlemagne, in which the Lady Knight Bradamante, great heroine and fighter, set out on quests and overcame all sorts of creatures and perfidious people.  She was a fine role model whose stories found their way into Bulfinch's Mythology, see http://www.bartleby.com/183/8.html. The story is there, with this source given: Thomas Bulfinch, Age of Fable Vol IV, Legends of Charlemagne, Bradamante and Rogero.  Rogero (Ruggiero) was last seen unable to control his hippogriff, and disappearing over the mountaintop, oh, unskilled churl. Read the mindset of Bradamante:  chivalry ideals, honor, love, the quest. The cavaliere, who surpassed the cavalier.
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Was this, then, the mindset of those who roled the institutions:  Fear striking the heart of those who knew they could not prevail against such an one, and an woman to boot! Get rid of them all, now, while there is yet time. No more female knights will we tolerate. Launch the negative ads. The propaganda. Turn them into viragos. Focus on any misogyny of the past, not on whether those ideas are valid or not. Turn them into objects of jest. Disband them. Put them beneath and make them stay there. See FN 1

• The Renaissance Guerriera. The tradition was a strong one, and complex, and manipulated as time went on:  The Renaissance Guerriera, see Bradamante and Marfisa, An Analysis of the 'Guerriere' of the 'Orlando Furioso', both new to us, at ://www.jstor.org/pss/3725747 - and what a combination.  Beauty and "epic strength."
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And in 1358, the autonomy of women was firmed by the Council of Venice declaring prostitution a necessity for the world.  See http://civilliberty.about.com/od/gendersexuality/tp/History-of-Prostitution.htm
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More women in warfare, religious military orders:
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Order of the Hatchet 1149, Barcelona; Military Order of Santiago 1261.  And Chevalieres, or the Equitissa 1441.  Individuals also excelled in matters of conflict and enforcement: Meet Dame Nicolaa, or Nicolla de la Haye 1150-1230, a ten-year sheriff in Lincolnshire2; and in 1552, a duel between women is the subject of art: See   http://www.destreza.us/history/women/index.html
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Enter the Offended Pope Sixtus V.
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Pope Sixtus, however, pulled in the reins on women's autonomy and decision-making:  He gave out  a) the death penalty for prostitutes (probably not followed much), and b) declared the old rule that a foetus became a person at quickening, about 20 weeks, now out and no foeti, regardless of quickening, were to be aborted, see http://civilliberty.about.com/od/gendersexuality/tp/History-of-Prostitution.htm
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And in 1558, see http://www.destreza.us/history/women/index.html, he suppressed the women's military orders.  Documentation of the women in military orders has been hard to find since. 
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History, or at least those who refer to it, has a problem, however.  It appears that Sixtus did not become Pope until 1585.  Have to check dates for accuracy.  Another Sixtus? Did we transpose?  By the time of Sixtus V as Pope the Church already had moved to put women's religious Orders under the control of the men's, the contemplative and the military.  Attach them to the men's -- now under "supervision".  This fear of women's autonomy has nothing to do with original texts, but everything to do with the needs of a male instutition on the march.

Religion accumulates baggage. Time to unpack and inspect.

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Was self-interest to blame for the Papal shifts?
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Whose? An individual Pope who had power to compel; or an entire group.
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This is not a scholarly site, but rather a summary-dictionary site, but its attribution reflects information easily available:  The disbanding to the members of the Order of the Glorious Saint Mary was the succumbing to self interest, see http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Order+of+the+Glorious+Saint+Mary/.
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One self-interest,  control; over another, autonomy apart from those who would subserve it.  Who decided. On what grounds. The article passes the buck by saying it got its information from Wikipedia. Come on, now. Do some research, freedictionary.
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What were their actions as women knights?  A Spanish group, for example, fended off the Moors.  They were no-nonsense.
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We know there were women as knights, see http://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/wom-kn.htm/. 
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Back to Sixtus.

So, who is this Pope Sixtus V, what was he doing and why, and even more important, who was Loderigo d'Angelo and what the women do to warrant this military order.  Women in war is not unusual, see Women in War.  We all know the warrior side was suppressed: even our Congress shrinks.  So what went on back then? Look at the armor showing women in war, at Castle Thun, Switzerland.
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Cast of Characters:
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1.  Sixtus V in 1585.  Birth and death - 1520-1590, Pope from 1585-1590.  We understand he suppressed the Order of Military Women, the Glorious Order of Saint Mary as soon as he took office, in 1585. What was the problem?
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Sixtus was twice an Inquisitor. Title: Inquisitor General of Venice.  He was forced out because of cantankerousness.  He was a mover, an enforcer, and a builder, autocratic and driven, an Administrator whose gift was in shaping administration (regardless of theology?) see http://www.nndb.com/people/332/000095047/.  My way or the highway as to anything Reformation.  Not unusual for the time.
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But there is no mention at the nndb site or at http://www.answers.com/topic/pope-sixtus-v/ as to his actions or inactions referencing the military order of women. Other sites are in Italian. How to decipher those?   Keep looking.  Suppression so complete that history itself was purged? Or just no interest, not worth mentioning?  Unlikely.  What Sixtus acted against, he did decisively.
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Sixtus was violent, but did bring peace to warring factions, see http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/western/bldef_sixtusv.htm/. His other reforms were significant, and he is seen as a worthy pope.
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Infallibility had not entered the picture at that stage, so there was no doctrine that said anybody was, by definition, right on anything. Jockey away.  See a doctrine timeline at http://italyroadways.blogspot.com/#!/2012/02/salvation-or-marketing-religions.html
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2.  An earlier Pope, Pope Alexander IV, Pope from 1254-1261. We understand he approved the Order of Military Women, the Glorious Saint Mary.
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Pope Alexander IV was kind, religious, assiduous, but susceptible to flatterers who wanted him to attack the children of Frederick II (this politicking and intrigue is beyond us) as German Lucifers.  Nonetheless, he ruled spiritual affairs with dignity and prudence, see http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01287b.htm/. That site is a little suspect because it keeps adding value judgments like who is odious and who is not, so we need something more objective.  You sort this out.  See http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Alexander_IV_Pope.html/ We are interested in Glorious Saint Mary's Order.
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Here we are:  at Women Warriors of the 13th Century, at http://www.lothene.org/others/women13.html/
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Perhaps not so good. That is a circular reference back to Women Knights.
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But but it does add specific names, events, for women knights of the time: Countess of Pembroke, Jeanne of Navarre, Countess of Ross, Heldris of Cornwall (Heldris de Cournouaille).  Additional women noted at http://www.stanislavs.org/OldPages/oldboard/messages/1280.html/  But where is Glorious Mary?  Each one to be looked up.
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3.  Order of the Glorious Saint Mary - Many mentions of this among military orders of women in medieval times
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Knights in White Satin.  What line is that song from? Moody Blues at  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lazdg-eqmQ

Knights in White Satin. See them at http://sacredfems.blogspot.com/2006/01/knights-in-white-satin.html/  That site has an agenda, but do read its additional names and information and check it out.

Mom. Armory, Graz, Austria

At this encyclopedia site, http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/militaryorders.html/, see again the Order of the Hatchet and the Order of the Glorious St. Mary, under the heading of military orders. Bibliographies and articles are cited.  These get overwhelming.  It takes a graduate student, or dedicated undergraduate, to read all that and sift.
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Women Knights Templar is the topic at this google book at page 294 ff - see Guardians of the Holy Grail at  http://books.google.com/books?id=htS0qhsgI00C&pg=PA294&lpg=PA294&dq=Order+of+the+Glorious+Saint+Mary&source=bl&ots=B0yaRUFKWO&sig=HmtMXjq9zcWPUrXPvIqMgRP8GCw&hl=en&ei=XEUgS9bvI8j-nAef37zWDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CCIQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Order%20of%20the%20Glorious%20Saint%20Mary&f=false/;  it also lists John the Baptist - that brings us back to Kremsmunster Abbey in Kremsmunster, Austria, where St. John the Baptist is the patron of the queen who is the relative of the Duchess there.  Go to Kremsmunster Abbey
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Read at that Guardians of the Holy Grail site about the central symbolic and actual role of women in the Templars, then and now.  Amazing.  Still looking for the Pope and the Nobleman.
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Is all this history of the church merely one set of powers against another, with no relevance to a deity whatsoever. Women as independent and autonomous thinkers, religious persons, fighters. The church? Where is the theology behind the dogma that suppressed them.  All we see are jockeyings for land and power underlying those centuries.  Great. A golden age of the first 1500 years, women autonomous, ended with Sixtus.
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This remains the easist read:  see http://destreza.us/history/women/index.html - Order of the Hatchet again, Military Order of Santiago, many names, events, women are no shrinking violets, even a duel for a man; and Dame Nicolaa de la Haye, sheriff of Lincolnshire 1216-1226, had full inheritance rights.  All interesting, but where is Glorious Mary. 
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4.  Lodorico d'Andalo/  He began this inquiry.  We understand he founded the military order of women, but can find no English site giving details. We are looking up various spellings.  Did he act in response to the heroism of the women in fighting back the Moors in Spain?
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Search this, see http://www.scribd.com/doc/66157963/Albertani-Traffico-di-denaro-nelle-grandi-citta-Il-prestito-cristiano-a-Bologna-tra-Due-e-Trecento,.  Hit the translate button and the option is for a download of an entire book typewritten document.
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5.  Conclusion so far
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There were women in holy military and other military orders until Pope Sixtus (who was also The Inquisitor) in 1585 or so.  Some had been brought under male orders control before then, but others did not survive at all and were suppressed until they died, for too much autonomy. Is that so?  The acts of suppression do not appear to be in Papal Bulls (enough of that), but the progress against women's orders and autonomy proceeded by other acts, more and smaller in scope, so well that it will take someone looking back at Papal decrees or whatever to find them.  The Vatican Library would be very helpful.
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FN 1 
Better yet, in modern times, to be sure few people look back at once was,  turn the name "Bradamante" into "wild lover" so noone will know her true nature and calling as brave, and questing, and skilled with weapons and prevailing. Is that so? See http://babynamesworld.parentsconnect.com/meaning_of_Bradamante.html/  Brado means more than "wild" - wild has come to mean crazy, actions all over the place. Instead, brado (and brada, its feminine) it means untamed, unbroken, as in the context of a wild animal, savage - see http://translation.babylon.com/Italian/to-English/. Even that is not accurate - Bradamante was clearly disciplined. Perhaps not in love, however, and we can't have that.

Babynamesworld is an Everyperson's flip site, but it also offers other possible connections, however, including blessed maiden, sweet maiden, from the Minoan and Greek Britomartis, see Greece Road Ways, Aegina and Britomartis
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The point is that there have been centuries and millennia of traditions of strong, hunting, warrior women, including groups, and suddenly in the 16th Century, she gets theologized out for the convenience of the powers of the church. Is that so?

Dolomites. World War I. Memorials, Southern Tyrol. Austria, Italy

 The Southern Tyrol

The Dolomites Front

Think trenches, hard winters, endless cold and suffering, and most of us think of routine eastern and western fronts from World War II. Think back to World War I. That war defined new boundaries and changed the cultural and legal landscape of this entire area.  See ://www.ansa.it/opencms/export/site/notizie/rubriche/daassociare/visualizza_new.html_990634442.html/  People raised in Austria soon found their land to be Italian. 

German is still spoken in much of the Dolomites, at restaurants, gas stations, although the land is technically Italian. Three languages are spoken at different places, including in remote spots, something called "Ladin".

Here, in the Southern Tyrol (we understand that East Tyrol refers more to the Austrian area to the north) the border mountains between Austria and Italy, the Dolomites, the hardships were magnified by the crags, the impossible task of moving men and materiel up cliffs, digging in. Tunnels. Trenches again.

World War II Memorial, Dolomites, Italian Side

This one just appeared.  Be careful - bikers may be sacking out behind, or doing other things.  We do not come upon these big sites and assume we can walk about at will out there, but so far have never had a problem.  Just mother's tapes, be careful, dear. And don't look surprised if people suddenly appear from behind, and get on hidden motorcycles somewhere near other rocks. Smile and nod, and move on about your own business.

Salzburg Castle in Austria has a series of exhibits on the World Wars, with scenes and mannequins in uniform, from the Tyrolean Front.  We were prepared, then, to see where they actually were. A forgotten front. These areas passed to Italy after WWI

The sheer size of the memorials is astounding. We think of a statue or two, a reproduction of a wall with a relief perhaps, a scene of soldiers slogging. This is enormous.

Then find the smaller, religious shrines for travelers. Our recollection is that this is also the Dolomites, but possibly it is Swiss.

Roadside religious shrine, Dolomites, Italy

The area of South Tyrol is now a UNESCO World Heritage site, see ://www.suedtirol.info/suedtirol_info//1272-en/en/The_Dolomites-_UNESCO_World_Natural_Heritage_.html/  The shapes of the mountains?  Originated as coral reefs 250 million years past, says the site.  Now fossilized.

Alps. Italian Side, Alps. Gran San Bernardo Pass. Great Saint Bernard Pass.

 The Great Saint Bernard Pass

The Gran San Bernardo Pass
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Italian Side, Alps

Continue to Swiss Side at Switzerland Road Ways, San Bernardo Pass

The Gran San Bernardo is an ancient and treacherous pass through the Alps: Switzerland on one side, Italy on the other. Conquerors, emissaries, migrations, tourists - all have climbed or ridden very carefully, and some with great suffering, through and over and even under it. There is now an alternative for modern rush days - take the tunnel, if you must. Don't. Don't do it. Go once over the real thing. Motorcycles do, in swooping lines around blind turns; why not you.

Grand San Bernardo Pass, the approach, Italian Alps


Cliffs and hairpin turns, called switchbacks, repeat, up and up, around, then sudden street lamps mark the summit, a modern alert to vehicles that summit congestion is coming.  For foot travelers, climbers, or those on horseback or donkey, the way to the summit is marked by pyramid piles of rock called cairns. See more panoramic views of the way up at ://www.summitpost.org/mountain/rock/155249/pointe-valletta.html/

Summit street lamps, San Bernardo di Mentone, Great Saint Bernard Pass, Italian,Alps.

At the summit, Italian side, find Saint Bernard himself, San Bernardo di Mentone, sometimes called San Bernardo di Aosta because he was born near Aosta, Italy, at Mentone, in 1023 or so.  See this translation of his life at ://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/33350/.  Do a search for that, and hit the translation button.

The Saint.  He lived in these mountains for years, for most of each year, set up this comprehensive shelter hostel, equipped to serve travelers for longer periods as needed. Horses, cargo, all accommodated. However, it is disputed whether he did all that or not - see ://www.vtliving.com/saintbernards/index.shtml/; the dates do not gibe for the founding and when he died, and the naming came centuries later.  History is never clear, and beliefs and tradition count for more than later facts, is that so? Sure.

Saint Bernard, Statue, Gran San Bernardo Pass, Italy to Switzerland, Alps

There are a number of buildings at the summit: for coffee, for rescue equipment, bad weather lay-overs, a good stretch.   Before starting up the Pass, put your fleece or sweaters at the top of your stuff for an easy put-on at the top.

Great Saint Bernard Pass, Alps, rest, rescue and hostel

 Weather changes fast.  Here is the alpine lake at the summit, looking back at the Italian side with its hostel, the statue of Saint Bernard, and rest stop.  Sun breaking through, but that did not last.
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Resthouse (not main monastery), Italian side, Gran San Bernardo Pass, Alps, Italy

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Looking at the lake, there is a cross out there. Does it mark an event, or serve as a symbol for the monastery's activities. It does not stand out, but is there.
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Alpine lake and small cross, summit, Gran San Bernardo Pass, Alps, Italy

Fast weather changes. Still above freezing, but cold, windy.
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Storm coming, San Bernardo Pass, Alps

We had periodic rain and hail on the way up, not serious, then back to sun part-time. See an overview of history and weather and famous people passing this way at ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_St_Bernard_Pass/ 

Just around the lake is the passport checkpoint for Switzerland.  The border is not open because Switzerland is not part of the European Union.

San Bernardo Monastery view, seen from Italian side, Great Saint Bernard Pass, Alps.

This Pass is part of the ancient Via Francigena way of the pilgrims, coming from as far away as Canterbury, England, and other parts of Northern Europe, all the way to the Vatican. In the 900's, towns along the way were sizable.  See ://www.marka.it/rep_Skeda.php?lang=ENG&categoria=Travel&reportage=La%20via%20Francigena&nome=Paolo%20Siccardi&reptitoloENG=The%20via%20Francigena&replista=no/  You can walk it by yourself.  See http://www.pilgrimroutes.com/italy.aspx/.

Now:  see the second half of the travel over the Gran San Bernardo, the Swiss side, at Switzerland Road Ways, Gran San Bernardo Pass.